/library/oar/handle/123456789/114735 2025-11-09T16:27:10Z 2025-11-09T16:27:10Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/115699 2023-11-17T10:57:36Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: A comparative analysis on the effectiveness of the law in straits used for international navigation and transit passage with regard to the protection of the marine and coastal environment Abstract: As oceans encompass most of earth’s surface, ecosystems include for example the supply food, oxygen, and the greatest unknown habitat. Effective legal systems should preserve the globally important marine environment. Particularly, UNCLOS Article XII is one of the frameworks observed in terms of the protection of the marine environments. This thesis examined three straits used for international navigation and transit passage, particularly identifying stakeholder nations and their efforts in international safeguard measure efforts. A particular focus was laid on the marine transportation hubs, as they are experiencing the highest pressures and effects of marine traffic related pollution. Studying Gibraltar, Hormuz, and Malacca it became evident that geography makes the areas important linking centers between different seas, whilst also ensuring flow and trade of goods such as oil or food. Through comparison of stakeholder nation engagement in maritime environment conservation in the straits should reveal whether environmentally problematic locations are well managed. Major international shipping-pollution treaties were also compared, such as IMO conventions. Reviewing stakeholder nations found pollution-prevention strategies and efficacy was determined by detailed factor analysis based on different existing approaches previously employed in a variety of political and legal studies and a triangulation of methods. It was concluded that to compare and assess laws, the Straits parties must enforce laws with other shareholder nations. Most stakeholder states in the Strait of Hormuz region protect less than 1% of their marine space, with Gibraltar trailing Malacca. The Strait of Gibraltar has the most CLC Convention and IOPC Fund reported accidents, yet their participation in pollution control efforts demonstrates how essential the mechanism is. In comparison, the Malacca Strait traffic causes less accidents comparatively. Finally, the minority of the analyzed straits has ratified or joined MARPOL Annexes offering additional restrictions to sources of pollution, indicating continuous difficulties and a need for accountability that legal frameworks can provide. Description: M.A. Ocean Gov.(Melit.)

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z