/library/oar/handle/123456789/105116 Sun, 09 Nov 2025 19:06:09 GMT 2025-11-09T19:06:09Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/105260 Title: Study on child labour laws : violations of children's rights in relation to child employment Abstract: The study will circle around examination of current international instruments, which directly affect the standard of employment of children. The report will start with the examination of the concept of child labour from a historical perspective - the culture surrounding employment of children prior to industrialisation, during industrialisation and post industrialisation. The second chapter will consider the development of children's rights and the international principles of prioritisation of children's rights. Then, the work moves towards examination of the cases of child labour. Firstly, it will provide a law coverage on the international principles related to the child labour abuses. Secondly, it will move to examine the national policies. The main question here will be 'is the current system effective?' Child labour refers to the work in abusive working conditions, which infringe child rights and impact negatively on child physician and mental development; there is also a degree of explanation of the child when it comes to the practice of child labour; Child exploitation is understood primary in the terms of acquiring a financial gain from the child via arbitrary means, it may be related to the economic expectation of the child through labour, or be based on the activity of (commercial) sexual exploitation; Special protection under the International treaties, such as Geneva Convention 1924 or the Universal Declaration of Children Rights, children are recognised to be granted with additional level of the protections to render children rights abuses; it was stated that children are vulnerable groups that should be protected by all members of society to achieve the most harmonious development; when it comes to children rights, there is a higher level of threshold imposed on States to enact laws granting children with adequate level of protections; Special Measures, States are obligated to provide a special level of protection to the child, and it may require enacting specific regulations which prioritise the best interest of the child over the other interest; implementation of these measures means (i) enacting specific regulations, (ii) providing procedures for effective application of those rights and (iii) establishing the supervisory mechanism, which monitors the implementation and conformity of those regulations. ‘Best Interest of a child’, the doctrine of best interests means the child's interest should be given the utmost priorities while considering all matters in relation to the child. Description: M.A.(Melit.) Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/105260 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/105259 Title: Malta’s commitment to SDG4 : inclusive education Abstract: The UNESCO Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 include SDG4 quality of education and equality of access to education, and lifelong learning opportunities for all. This sustainable development goal is important considering the universal right to education as laid out in conventions and treaties. In this paper Malta’s commitment to inclusive education is explored through a look at its education policy as well as through a comparison with that of other European countries. Common themes across policy are analyzed for their contribution and effectiveness to quality and equality of access, and to attaining the sustainable development education goal of inclusivity. These are co-teaching and collaboration, programs for at-risk students, high teaching quality and self-evaluation and accountability. Findings revealed the strengths and weaknesses in Maltese inclusive education policy and how the common themes among countries can be effective toward creating a comprehensive inclusive education system. Description: M.A.(Melit.) Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/105259 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/105258 Title: Protection of victims from racially motivated crimes Abstract: This dissertation analyses how the law is protecting victims from racially motivated crimes and whether the UK and Malta are in line with the European Court of Human Rights. It provides definitions of the term ‘racially motivated crime’ through relevant legislations. Further examines the European Court of Human Right’s judgments. It provides analysis of the UK and Maltese judgments. Lastly, it provides several recommendations supported by the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance’s Fifth Report focusing on the State’s obligations to investigate such crimes and approached that needs to be taken for victims to report crimes. Description: M.A.(Melit.) Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/105258 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/105255 Title: The role of the European Union in the protection of boat migrants at its borders : pushbacks on the central Mediterranean route Abstract: This dissertation explores the extent in which the European Union provides protection for boat migrants against illegal pushbacks within the Central Mediterranean Route, through interdisciplinary qualitative research methods. The conducted research seeks to do so by not only looking at applicable legislation, but also considering the current and potential future EU policy affecting the protection of boat migrants against pushbacks. The Central Mediterranean Route is the most widely used route by migrants making their way towards the EU. It is also the deadliest route, with increasing irregular arrivals. In response to these arrivals, the EU adopted various externalisation and securitisation strategies to attempt to bar irregular arrivals on this route. The most prominent being the cooperative agreement with Libya by establishing a Libyan Coast Guard, as well as extended funding and training to intercept migrants within the newly established Libyan search and rescue region and return them to Tripoli. However, the legislation and therefore also the policy of the EU must be carried out in accordance with international-and human rights law to protect boat migrants from pushbacks. A cornerstone principle in relation to pushbacks is the obligation to nonrefoulement, entailing the prohibition to return migrants to countries where they fear persecution, without proper risk-assessment. The influence of the EU on potential human rights violations, by supporting an unstable militia government in carrying out their border controls, potentially conducting illegal pullbacks, cannot be ignored. It can be argued that the EU evades shared responsibility by establishing ‘contactless control’ over pre-arrivals in a way that jurisdiction is not engaged. Nevertheless, even if shared responsibility could be determined for potential violations, there is no effective accountability framework to follow up on those claims. Therefore, the EU successfully continues its agreements with Libya, despite various investigations and court cases into its border management and human rights violations in Libya, thus failing to adequately protect boat migrants against pushbacks. Description: M.A.(Melit.) Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/105255 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z