/library/oar/handle/123456789/70444 Wed, 19 Nov 2025 07:22:24 GMT 2025-11-19T07:22:24Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/122728 Title: The United Nations human rights system in the Arab world Abstract: This text aims to explain the significant importance of promoting and defending human rights as an inevitable part of human life. The Arab region is quite a problematic area for implementing human rights law and acting or imposing restrictions on supranational level. The United Nations (UN) is the main actor on the international scene that is concerned and highly involved in the human rights distribution, observation, and implementation. The concern of the United Nations, with the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms stems directly from the realization by the international community that "recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world", and from the resultant pledge of Member States of the United Nations "to achieve, in cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms". The first chapter - The United Nations Human Rights System - describes the historical development of the organization, its methodology and capacity for resolving problems. The text also explains the core nature of the human rights as worldwide common values important in the every-day life on one side, and capable to save human lives and protect from torture on the other. This chapter overviews some of the key texts - declarations, conventions and agreement that have been ratified and used as guiding lights by the human rights preserving organizations and activists, and have been ratified in the domestic laws of numerous states. Chapter Two - Human Rights in the Arab world - shows the human rights problems and achievements in the Middle East and North African regions. The Arab World requires some special attention for its religion - the Islam that has influenced Arab traditions, values, state organization an laws. This chapter offers a comparison between the two "worlds" - the Arab and the Atlantic - being completely different in political, economic, religious, ethnic and cultural aspects. Human rights as a moral value appreciate and esteem human diversity and promote respect and dignity to every individual human life. The third chapter - Human Rights in the Reality - Successes and Failures - shows the current successes and failures for implementing human rights and international human rights laws, presented throughout short case studies of Arab countries concluding the violations reported during the past three years by the official international organizations observing human rights in the region. Description: B.A.(HONS)INT.REL. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/122728 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/105596 Title: The Euro-Mediterranean partnership from a socio-economic perspective Abstract: The Mediterranean region today is faced with some very serious problems. The constantly widening economic and technological gap between the countries of its northern and southern shores, the continuous increase in poverty and unemployment in the southern and eastern region resulting in mass migration to Europe, and the upsurge in movements featuring religious, ethnic and nationalist violence, are all factors which contribute to an unstable environment. At no other time than at present have the Mediterranean states committed themselves so wholeheartedly to tackle these problems. Fernand Braudel once wrote "the Mediterranean has no unity but that created by the movements of men, the relationships they imply, and the routes they follow." Although Braudel was referring to land and sea routes as a means of communication, the same can be said today for political routes. To this day, the Mediterranean states are still trying to chart the best routes for the future of the region. Description: B.A. (Hons)(Melit.) Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/105596 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/105595 Title: An overview of Euro-Mediterranean relations Abstract: This dissertation gives a general introduction to Euro-Mediterranean Relations from the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community, to the present day's European Union, as well as a look at the possible decline of the relationship due to new EU concerns regarding Central and Eastern Europe. Description: B.A. (Hons)(Melit.) Sun, 01 Jan 1995 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/105595 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z /library/oar/handle/123456789/101447 Title: The internationalisation of science and technology policy : Malta case study (1988-1996) Abstract: In the last five decades, national S&T policy has evolved through dynamic processes of internationalisation: namely, international agenda-setting by inter-governmental S&T organisations, policy-watching and copying by governments, the interdependence of national research systems and the globalisation of R&D. This thesis argues that rather than reducing its relevance, the increasing internationalisation of S&T Policy, as a result of the impact of information and communications technologies (ICTS) and globalisation, is rendering national S&T Policy highly relevant and indeed crucial for innovation. The emerging rationale for national S&T Policy is, however, no longer based on traditional neoclassical economic approaches, with their primary focus on 'market failure', but on a new S&T policy paradigm based on evolutionary economics approaches, where the emphasis is on resolving government, network and learning failures. The thesis explores Lundvall's and Borras' work on defining a new innovation policy paradigm for the globalising learning economy, which reflects a shift from the mere improvement of knowledge production and acquisition processes to the development of network-based learning as the key to tacit knowledge and thereby global competitiveness. The core elements of the new policy paradigm are integrated policy visions, learning organisations and policy learning. On the basis of this framework, we analyse the development of national S&T Policy in the OECD context and the experiences of developing countries. which highlight the priority to be assigned. in policy formulation, to national context and indigenous processes of learning. combined with a strategic focus on learning from the global context. The main drivers of change in national S&T Policy are identified, in particular de Solla Price's exponential growth of science, the interdependence of national R&D systems in Ziman's dynamic 'steady-state'. and increasingly, the dynamic convergence of S&T, ICTs and international relations. A key obstacle to change is the institutional time lag, affecting organisations, policy-makers and policy concepts, in particular, the extent to which intergovernmental S&T organisations evolve as learning organisations affects the quality of S&T Policy advice they provide to member countries. We analyse the dynamics of change in national S&T Policy, i.e. its internationalisation, by studying the development of Malta's national S&T Policy. The analysis focuses on three aspects, firstly a comparative study of UNESCO's S&T policy advice to Malta in 1985 and OECD's advice to Portugal in 1984, from which we conclude that UNESCO's advice was based on largely outdated policy concepts and reflected teaching-oriented rather than learning-oriented approaches. Secondly, we analyse the impact of UNESCO's advice on the subsequent development of Malta's S&T Policy (1989-1996), tracing a mixed record of success in developing new paradigm policies. Thirdly, we focus on the development of Malta's National IT Strategy, identifying the key policy lessons to be learnt. The main conclusions drawn from the analysis are that despite increasing internationalisation, national S&T Policy is a key ingredient in the drive to stimulate innovation. National S&T Policy evolves sustainably on the basis of intense policy learning processes focused on both the national and global contexts, and through its strategic linking with national ICT policy and foreign policy. But the key drivers of effective S&T Policy are learning organisations, in particular, intergovernmental S&T organisations, governments, S&T policy advice bodies and the diplomatic core. Description: PH.D. Fri, 01 Jan 1999 00:00:00 GMT /library/oar/handle/123456789/101447 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z