Investigating the increase of European bee-eaters ‘Merops apiaster’ over Malta and their prey availability during migration

Abstract

This thesis investigates the increasing presence of the European bee-eater Merops apiaster over Malta during migration periods and explores the availability of their prey. Strategically located between Europe and Africa, Malta serves as a crucial stopover for migratory birds, including the bee-eater. This research aims to fill gaps in the understanding of local migration numbers and dietary habits of the European bee-eater, which are essential for effective conservation strategies. Field observations were conducted in key habitats, complemented by historical data analysis and photographic evidence of prey items. The study reveals a significant increase in bee-eater sightings over the past decades, attributed to conservation efforts in southern Europe and reduced hunting pressures in Malta following the enforcement of the EU Wild Birds Directive. Photographic evidence dispels the misconception that bee-eaters primarily consume bees, highlighting their opportunistic feeding behaviour on a variety of insects such as dragonflies, moths, and butterflies. These findings underscore the ecological importance of the European bee-eater as a predator of airborne insects and its role in local biodiversity. The research concludes with recommendations for continued monitoring and public education to support conservation initiatives. This study not only contributes to the ecological knowledge of migratory patterns and dietary adaptability of bee-eaters but also provides valuable insights for policymakers and conservationists in managing and protecting avian species in Malta.