EU鈥檚 evolution : from origins to accession procedures and new member states

Abstract

This thesis examines the evolution of the European Union through its enlargement processes, analysing the accession procedures, legal frameworks and political strategies that have shaped the integration of new Member States. Starting with the early phases of European integration, it traces the key milestones, such as the establishment of the Acquis Communautaire and the Copenhagen Criteria, which have become central to the EU's enlargement policy. It assesses the historical context of each enlargement, focusing on the legal, economic and political challenges posed by the accession of new members and how these experiences have informed the EU's future enlargement strategy. In particular, it examines how the EU has adapted its institutional and legal framework to ensure successful integration, highlighting key mechanisms such as the pre-accession strategy and post-accession monitoring. Specific attention is paid to the role of democratic governance and the rule of law in the enlargement process, with a comparative analysis of the different waves of enlargement from Western to Central and Eastern Europe. The thesis concludes with an assessment of the lessons learnt from past enlargements. It identifies the need to reform the accession process to address contemporary challenges such as geopolitical tensions, economic disparities and democratic backsliding. Proposals for a more flexible and conditional accession procedure, enhanced monitoring mechanisms, and stricter enforcement of EU values are proposed as potential strategies for future enlargement. Drawing on historical examples and current debates, this thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the EU's enlargement policy. It offers recommendations for optimising future enlargement while maintaining the stability and cohesion of the Union.