Perspectives on 3D scanning and reconstruction : implications for crime scene investigations and courtroom evidence

Abstract

This dissertation explores the integration of three-dimensional scanning technologies, specifically LiDAR and photogrammetry, within forensic investigations and courtroom procedures in Malta. Through qualitative semi-structured interviews with four main stakeholders from the criminology and legal sectors, the study uncovers the transformative and innovative potential of 3D modeling, enhancing crime scene documentation, evidence study and courtroom presentation. Participants identified the immersive nature of such technologies as incredibly valuable for jurors enhanced comprehension and preserving environments and pieces of evidence over time. However, in the course of the research several challenges and drawbacks were also presented during the research; for example concerns over technical reliability, high implementation and maintenance costs, technical or environmental limitations and susceptibility to bias and interpretation. Additionally, institutional barriers, such as insufficient infrastructure or unequipped courts, absence of standardised protocols and cultural resistance, pose significant obstacles to the widespread adoption of 3D technology in courts of law. Despite these limitations, stakeholders expressed strong support and positive experiences, emphasising the need of regulatory standards and adequate institutional development. Findings suggested that while 3D scanning holds a great potential to revolutionise forensic practices, its success inevitably depends on institutional support and legal clarity. The research concludes by recommending actions for future action, including the development of national guidelines, investment in courtroom spaces and technologies and broader interdisciplinary studies on the topic to support the implementation of these tools within the criminal justice system.